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In the early modern period, all German cities were fortified places. Because contemporary jurists have defined 'city' as a coherent social body in a protected place, the urban environment had to be physically separate from the surrounding countryside. This separation was crucial to guaranteeing the city's commercial, political and legal privileges. Fortifications were therefore essential for any settlement to be termed a city. This book tells the story of German cities' metamorphoses from walled to de-fortified places between 1689 and 1866. Using a wealth of original sources, The Defortification of the German City, 1689-1866 discusses one of the most significant moments in the emergence of the modern city: the dramatic and often traumatic demolition of the city's centuries-old fortifications and the creation of the open city.

City walls --- Fortification --- Fortification, Primitive --- Forts --- Military engineering --- Siege warfare --- Village walls --- Walls --- History --- Arts and Humanities

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Brill’s Companion to Aineias Tacticus is a collection of articles on the significance of the earliest Greek handbook on military tactics. Aineias’ (Aeneas) wrote his Poliorketika in the mid-fourth century BC, offering a unique perspective on contemporary Greek city-states, warfare and intellectual trends. We offer an introduction to Aineias and his work, and then discuss the work’s historical and intellectual context, his qualities as a writer, and aspects of his work as a historical source for the Greek polis of the fourth century BC. Several chapters discuss Aineias’ approach to warfare, specifically light infantry, mercenaries, naval operations, fortifications and technology. Finally, we include a lengthy study of the reception of ancient military treatises, specifically Aineias’ Poliorketika, in the Byzantine period.

Military art and science --- Siege warfare --- Engines of war --- History --- Aeneas, --- History and criticism. --- Engines of war. --- Military art and science. --- Siege warfare. --- Peri tou pōs chrē poliorkoumenous antechein (Aeneas, Tacticus). --- To 500. --- Military engines --- War engines --- Military weapons --- Attack and defense (Military science) --- Fortifications, Attack and defense of --- Fortress warfare --- Siege craft --- Siegecraft --- Military engineering --- Fortification --- Intrenchments --- Ancient warfare

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Military architecture --- Fortification --- 725.18 --- Fortification, Primitive --- Forts --- History --- Openbare gebouwen ; militaire gebouwen, politiebureaus --- Militaire verdedigingssystemen ; forten ; burchten --- Architectuur ; militaire ; vestingen ; citadels ; bastions --- Architectuur ; militaire ; bunkers --- Militaire architectuur ; geschiedenis --- Verdedigingswallen ; stadsmuren --- Military engineering --- Siege warfare --- Architecture --- Architecture and war

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Thirteenth century A.D. was a time of many changes and reorganization in the ancient Pueblo world in the Mesa Verde region. Still unresolved are the causes of the migration of Pueblo people from the Mesa Verde region to the south and southeast in the end of the century. The theories most cited and most supported by scientific data include environmental changes, increasing conflict and violence, social changes, and the attraction of a new cult or ideologies from the south. However, it seems that none of these theories can fully explain the total depopulation of the region. One reason often cited for the depopulation of the area is increasing conflict and violence. Evidence of conflict is clearly visible archaeologically: sites located in places difficult to access; defensive buildings, and settlement layouts; human remains with evidence of a violent death; and rock art depicting violent interactions. During the thirteenth century A.D. many types of defensive architecture including towers, underground tunnels connecting structures in a settlement, loopholes, and massive stone walls that partly or fully enclosed villages were constructed in the central Mesa Verde region. These architectural changes were associated with population aggregation and relocation; during the thirteenth century, most people probably lived in large settlements situated such that they were difficult to access and easy to defend. In many villages, water sources were secured within the boundary of the settlement or were at least nearby. However, it is difficult to determine whether the defensive architecture and defensible locations were not enough of an obstacle against possible attackers as Pueblo Indians emigrated from the Mesa Verde region near the end of the thirteenth century A.D. into what are now northern and central Arizona and New Mexico.

Pueblo architecture --- Fortification --- Architecture and society --- Architecture --- Architecture and sociology --- Society and architecture --- Sociology and architecture --- Fortification, Primitive --- Forts --- Military engineering --- Siege warfare --- Architecture, Pueblo --- Pueblo Indians --- Social aspects --- Human factors --- Mesa Verde National Park (Colo.) --- Antiquities.

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In Medieval Fortifications in Cilicia Dweezil Vandekerckhove offers an account of the origins, development and spatial distribution of fortified sites in the Armenian Kingdom (1198-1375). Despite the abundance of archaeological remains, the Armenian heritage had previously not been closely studied. However, through the examination of known and newly identified castles, this work has now increased the number of sites and features associated with the Armenian Kingdom. By the construction of numerous powerful castles, the Armenians succeeded in establishing an independent kingdom, which lasted until the Mamluk conquest in 1375. Dweezil Vandekerckhove convincingly proves that the medieval castles in Cilicia are of outstanding architectural interest, with a significant place in the history of military architecture.

Fortification --- Fortification, Primitive --- Forts --- Military engineering --- Siege warfare --- History. --- Turkey --- Cilicia --- Antiquities. --- History --- Armenia --- Little Armenia --- Petite Arménie --- Nouvelle Arménie --- Arméno-Cilicie --- Pʻokʻr Hayastan --- Kilikia --- New Armenia --- Sisuan --- Kilikien --- Cilician Armenia --- Kilikian Hayastan --- Kilikya --- Cilicie --- Çukurova (Region)